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<title>Relative articulation</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Relative articulation</span></span>

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<p>In <a href="Phonetics" title="Phonetics">phonetics</a> and <a href="Phonology" title="Phonology">phonology</a>, <b>relative articulation</b> is description of the <a href="Manner_of_articulation" title="Manner of articulation">manner</a> and <a href="Place_of_articulation" title="Place of articulation">place</a> of <a href="Articulation_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Articulation (phonetics)">articulation</a> of a speech sound relative to some reference point. Typically, the comparison is made with a default, <a href="Unmarked" class="mw-redirect" title="Unmarked">unmarked</a> articulation of the same <a href="Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phoneme</a> in a neutral sound environment. For example, the English velar consonant <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span> is <i>fronted</i> before the vowel <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iː/</span> (as in <i>keep</i>) compared to articulation of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span> before other vowels (as in <i>cool</i>). This fronting is called <a href="Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">palatalization</a>.

</p><p>The relative position of a sound may be described as <i>advanced</i> (<i>fronted</i>), <i>retracted</i> (<i>backed</i>), <i>raised</i>, <i>lowered</i>, <i>centralized</i>, or <i>mid-centralized</i>. The latter two terms are only used with <a href="Vowel" title="Vowel">vowels</a>, and are marked in the <a href="International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> with <a href="Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritics</a> over the vowel letter. The others are used with both <a href="Consonant" title="Consonant">consonants</a> and vowels, and are marked with <a href="Iconicity" title="Iconicity">iconic</a> diacritics under the letter. Another dimension of relative articulation that has IPA diacritics is the degree of <a href="Roundedness" title="Roundedness">roundedness</a>, <i>more rounded</i> and <i>less rounded</i>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Advanced_and_retracted">Advanced and retracted</h2></div>

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</style><table class="infobox" style="width: 16em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background: #f2f2ce;">Advanced, retracted</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ffffe6;"><span style="font-size: 5em; line-height: 1.2em; vertical-align: super; font-weight: normal;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">◌̟<span class="wrap"> </span>◌˖<span class="wrap"> </span>◌᫈</span></span></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ffffe6;"><span style="font-size: 5em; line-height: 1.2em; vertical-align: super; font-weight: normal;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">◌̠<span class="wrap"> </span>◌˗</span></span></th></tr></tbody></table>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Fronting_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fronting (phonetics)">Fronting (phonetics)</a></div>

<p>

An <b>advanced</b> or <b>fronted</b> sound is one that is pronounced farther to the front of the <a href="Vocal_tract" title="Vocal tract">vocal tract</a> than some reference point. The diacritic for this in the IPA is the subscript plus, <span class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">

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</style><span class="monospaced">U+031F</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em"><span style="font-family: serif;">◌̟</span></span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">COMBINING PLUS SIGN BELOW</span>. Conversely, a <b>retracted</b> or <b>backed</b> sound is one that is pronounced farther to the back of the vocal tract, and its IPA diacritic is the subscript minus <span class="nowrap"><span class="monospaced">U+0320</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em"><span style="font-family: serif;">◌̠</span></span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">COMBINING MINUS SIGN BELOW</span>. For letters with descenders, <span class="nowrap"><span class="monospaced">U+02D6</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">˖</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">MODIFIER LETTER PLUS SIGN</span> and <span class="nowrap"><span class="monospaced">U+02D7</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">˗</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">MODIFIER LETTER MINUS SIGN</span> may instead be used after the letter, as in <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɡ˖]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[y˗]</span>.

</p><p>Both vowels and consonants may be fronted or backed. In verbal description, the prefix <i>pre-</i> may be used to indicate fronting, especially in the terms <i><a href="Palatal" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatal">prepalatal</a></i> and <i><a href="Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">prevelar</a></i>. Otherwise phrases like "fronted u" may be used. For retraction, either the prefix <i>post-</i> may be used to indicate retraction, as above, or phrases like "retracted i" may be used.

</p><p>In most dialects of <a href="English_language" title="English language">English</a>, the <a href="Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">back vowel</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span> is farther forward than what is normally indicated by the IPA letter <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">‹u›</span>. This fronting may be shown explicitly, especially within a <a href="International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Usage" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">narrow transcription</a>: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[u̟]</span>. Whether this is as far front as the <a href="Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">central vowel</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʉ]</span>, or somewhere between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[u]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʉ]</span>, may need to be clarified verbally, or on a <a href="Vowel_diagram" title="Vowel diagram">vowel diagram</a>.

</p><p>The difference between a fronted and non-fronted consonant can be heard in the English words <i>key</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[k̟ʰi]</span> and <i>coo</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kʰu]</span>, where the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span> in <i>key</i> is fronted under the influence of the <a href="Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">front vowel</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span>. In English, the plosive in the <a href="Affricate" title="Affricate">affricate</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʃ/</span>, as in the word <i>church</i>, is farther back than an alveolar <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span> due to <a href="Assimilation_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Assimilation (linguistics)">assimilation</a> with the <a href="Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">postalveolar fricative</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃ/</span>. In narrow transcription, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʃ/</span> may be transcribed <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t̠ʃʰ]</span>. In English, the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d/</span> in the phrase "I need that" is farther front than normal due to <a href="Assimilation_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Assimilation (linguistics)">assimilation</a> with the <a href="Interdental_consonant" title="Interdental consonant">interdental consonant</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ð/</span>, and may be transcribed as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[aɪ̯<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈniːd̟<span class="wrap"> </span>ðæt]</span>.

</p><p>Languages may have phonemes that are farther back than the nearest IPA symbol. For example, <a href="Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> <i>sz</i> is a postalveolar sibilant. While this is often transcribed as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃ]</span>, it is not <i>domed</i> (partially <a href="Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">palatalized</a>) the way a prototypical <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃ]</span> is. A more precise transcription is therefore <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[s̠]</span>. Similarly, the <a href="Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">velar consonants</a> in <a href="Kwak'wala" class="mw-redirect" title="Kwak'wala">Kwakiutl</a> are actually <i>postvelar</i>; that is, pronounced farther back than a prototypical velar, between velar <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[k]</span> and <a href="Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">uvular</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[q]</span>, and is thus transcribed <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[k̠]</span>.

</p><p>Officially, the IPA symbol <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[a]</span> stands for the <a href="Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">open front unrounded vowel</a>. However, in most languages where it is used, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[a]</span> actually stands for the <a href="Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">central</a>, rather than the front vowel. If precision is desired, this may also be indicated with the minus sign <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[a̠]</span>, although a number of other transcriptions are also possible.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Raised_and_lowered">Raised and lowered</h2></div>

<table class="infobox" style="width: 16em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background: #f2f2ce;">Raised and lowered</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ffffe6;"><span style="font-size: 5em; line-height: 1.2em; vertical-align: super; font-weight: normal;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">◌̝<span class="wrap"> </span>◌˔<span class="wrap"> </span>◌᷵</span></span></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ffffe6;"><span style="font-size: 5em; line-height: 1.2em; vertical-align: super; font-weight: normal;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">◌̞<span class="wrap"> </span>◌˕<span class="wrap"> </span>◌᫛</span></span></th></tr></tbody></table>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Raising_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Raising (phonetics)">Raising (phonetics)</a></div>

<p>A <b>raised</b> sound is articulated with the tongue or lip raised higher than some reference point. In the IPA this is indicated with the <i>uptack</i> diacritic <span class="nowrap"><span class="monospaced">U+031D</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em"><span style="font-family: serif;">◌̝</span></span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">COMBINING UP TACK BELOW</span>.

</p><p>A <b>lowered</b> sound is articulated with the tongue or lip lowered (the mouth more open) than some reference point. In the IPA this is indicated with the <i>downtack</i> diacritic <span class="nowrap"><span class="monospaced">U+031E</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em"><span style="font-family: serif;">◌̞</span></span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">COMBINING DOWN TACK BELOW</span>. Both consonants and vowels may be marked as raised or lowered.

</p><p>When a letter has a descender, the tack may be written after it, using: <span class="nowrap"><span class="monospaced">U+02D4</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">˔</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">MODIFIER LETTER UP TACK</span> as in <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɭ˔]</span>, or <span class="nowrap"><span class="monospaced">U+02D5</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">˕</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">MODIFIER LETTER DOWN TACK</span> as in <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɣ˕]</span>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Raised_and_lowered_vowels">Raised and lowered vowels</h3></div>

<p>In the case of a vowel, raising means that the vowel is <i><a href="Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">closer</a>,</i> toward the top of the vowel chart. For example, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[e̝]</span> represents a vowel somewhere between <a href="Cardinal_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal vowel">cardinal</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[e]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[i]</span>, or may even be <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[i]</span>. Lowering, on the other hand, means that the vowel is <i><a href="Vowel#Height" title="Vowel">more open</a>,</i> toward the bottom of the chart. For example, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[e̞]</span> represents a vowel somewhere between <a href="Cardinal_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal vowel">cardinal</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[e]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɛ]</span>, or may even be <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɛ]</span>.

</p><p>In other non-IPA transcription systems, raised vowels are indicated with the iconic upward-pointing arrowhead <span class="nowrap"><span class="monospaced">U+02F0</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">˰</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">MODIFIER LETTER LOW UP ARROWHEAD</span> while lowered vowels have the downward arrowhead <span class="nowrap"><span class="monospaced">U+02EF</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">˯</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">MODIFIER LETTER LOW DOWN ARROWHEAD</span>. Thus, IPA <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[e̝]</span> is equivalent to [e˰], IPA <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[e̞]</span> is equivalent to [e˯].

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Raised_and_lowered_consonants">Raised and lowered consonants</h3></div>

<p>With consonants, raising and lowering changes the <a href="Manner_of_articulation" title="Manner of articulation">manner of articulation</a> to have more or less stricture. For example, raised <a href="Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">approximants</a> and <a href="Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">trills</a> are <a href="Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">fricatives</a>, whereas lowered <a href="Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">fricatives</a> are <a href="Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">approximants</a>. The ambiguous symbols for rear approximant/fricatives may be specified as fricatives with the raising diacritic, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʁ̝,<span class="wrap"> </span>ʕ̝,<span class="wrap"> </span>ʢ̝]</span>, or as approximants with the lowering diacritic, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʁ̞,<span class="wrap"> </span>ʕ̞,<span class="wrap"> </span>ʢ̞]</span>. In <a href="Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, the <a href="Lenition" title="Lenition">lenited</a> <a href="Allophone" title="Allophone">allophones</a> of the voiced stops are generally transcribed as <a href="Fricative" title="Fricative">fricatives</a> even though they are <a href="Approximant" title="Approximant">approximants</a>, or intermediate between fricative and approximant. This may be partially due to the fact there is only a dedicated IPA symbol for one of them, the <a href="Velar_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Velar approximant">velar approximant</a>. More precise transcription will use the fricative symbols with the lowering diacritic, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[β̞,<span class="wrap"> </span>ð̞,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɣ˕]</span> (the last symbol may be rendered as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɣ̞]</span>, but that may not display properly in some browsers). <a href="Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a>, on the other hand, requires the opposite: Its fricated trill, which is a separate phoneme, may be transcribed as a raised trill, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[r̝]</span>. Similarly, the <a href="Voiced_alveolar_fricative#Voiced_alveolar_non-sibilant_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">non-sibilant coronal fricative</a> is written <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɹ̝]</span>, and the <a href="Voiceless_velar_lateral_fricative" title="Voiceless velar lateral fricative">voiceless velar lateral fricative</a> as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʟ̝̊]</span>. (A dedicated letter for this sound, ⟨<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">𝼄</span>⟩, is provided by the <a href="ExtIPA" class="mw-redirect" title="ExtIPA">extIPA</a> and may be used in IPA transcription.)

</p><p>From most open (least <a href="Manner_of_articulation#Stricture" title="Manner of articulation">stricture</a>) to most close (most stricture), there are several independent relationships among speech sounds. <i><a href="Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open vowel</a> → <a href="Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">mid vowel</a> → <a href="Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">close vowel</a> → <a href="Approximant" title="Approximant">approximant</a> → <a href="Fricative" title="Fricative">fricative</a> → <a href="Plosive" title="Plosive">plosive</a></i> is one; <i><a href="Flap_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Flap consonant">flap</a> → <a href="Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">stop</a></i> is another; and <i><a href="Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">trill</a> → trilled <a href="Fricative" title="Fricative">fricative</a></i> yet another. The IPA chart has been organized so that the raising diacritic moves the value of a letter through these series toward the top of the chart, and the lowering diacritic toward the bottom of the chart, but this only works for some of the consonants. While it would be convenient if all consonants could be so ordered, consonants are too diverse for a single dimension to capture their relationships. In addition, many of the points along the series may be <a href="Nasalization" title="Nasalization">nasalized</a> or <a href="Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">lateralized</a> as well, and these parameters are independent of stricture.

</p>

<caption>Examples of stricture series

</caption>

<th>Nasal</th>

<th>Trill</th>

<th>Lateral

</th></tr>

<tr>

<th>Stop

</th>

</div>|| <div style="position: relative; width: 45px; z-index: 1;">

</div>

</p>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>Fricative

</th>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>Approximant / Vibrant

</th>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>Close vowel

</th>

</td>

<td colspan="3" rowspan="7" align="center" style="background:#D0D0D0" valign="center">(N/A)

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>Near-close vowel

</th>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>Close-mid vowel

</th>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>Mid vowel

</th>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>Open-mid vowel

</th>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>Near-open vowel

</th>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>Open vowel

</th>

</td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Centralized">Centralized</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For non-lateral consonants, see <a href="Central_consonant" title="Central consonant">Central consonant</a>.</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Centralized_vowels">Centralized vowels</h3></div>

<table class="infobox" style="width: 16em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background: #f2f2ce;">Centralized</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ffffe6;"><span style="font-size: 5em; line-height: 1.2em; vertical-align: super; font-weight: normal;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">◌̈</span></span></th></tr></tbody></table>

<p>A <b>centralized vowel</b> is a <a href="Vowel" title="Vowel">vowel</a> that is more <a href="Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">central</a> than some point of reference, or that has undergone a shift in this direction. The diacritic for this in the <a href="International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> is the diaeresis, <span class="nowrap"><span class="monospaced">U+0308</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">̈</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">COMBINING DIAERESIS</span>.

</p><p>For example, to transcribe <a href="Near-close_central_rounded_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Near-close central rounded vowel">rounded</a> and <a href="Near-close_central_unrounded_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Near-close central unrounded vowel">unrounded</a> near-close central vowels, the symbols <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɪ̈,<span class="wrap"> </span>ʊ̈]</span> may be used.

</p><p>In other (non-IPA) transcription systems, ⟨<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ᵻ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ᵿ</span>⟩ (or ⟨<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><s>ɪ</s>,<span class="wrap"> </span><s>ʊ</s></span>⟩) will be seen instead of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɪ̈,<span class="wrap"> </span>ʊ̈]</span> (by analogy with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɨ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ʉ]</span>). Before the letters <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɘ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɵ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɜ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɞ]</span> were added to the IPA in 1993, the symbols <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ë,<span class="wrap"> </span>ö,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɛ̈,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɔ̈]</span> were used for these near-<a href="Schwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwa">schwa</a> values. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ë,<span class="wrap"> </span>ö,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɛ̈,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɔ̈]</span> would now be assumed to represent articulations intermediate between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[e,<span class="wrap"> </span>o,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɛ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɔ]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɘ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɵ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɜ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɞ]</span>. Similarly, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ï,<span class="wrap"> </span>ÿ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ü,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɯ̈]</span> would be intermediate between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[i,<span class="wrap"> </span>y,<span class="wrap"> </span>u,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɯ]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɨ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ʉ]</span>.

</p><p>However, since the IPA does not specify the exact amount of centralization that centralized vowels have, the symbols <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ë,<span class="wrap"> </span>ö,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɛ̈,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɔ̈]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ï,<span class="wrap"> </span>ÿ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ü,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɯ̈]</span> can in modern transcriptions<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> be used at times to transcribe fully central vowels, or vowels that have a variable amount of centralization.

</p><p>In the majority of languages described as having an <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[a]</span> (which denotes a <a href="Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">front</a> vowel), the vowel is actually <a href="Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">central</a> and therefore a more narrow transcription of it is <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ä]</span>. However, this symbol is not commonly used mainly because of the common practice of avoiding using diacritics wherever possible, and because very few languages contrast front and central open unrounded vowels.

</p><p>Instead of the diacritic for centralization, the <a href="Advanced_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced (phonetics)">advanced</a> or <a href="Retracted_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Retracted (phonetics)">retracted</a> diacritics may be used (an equivalent transcription of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ä]</span> is retracted <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[a̠]</span>), but the concept of centralization is convenient in cases where <a href="Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">front</a> and <a href="Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">back vowels</a> move toward each other, rather than all advancing or retracting in the same direction.

</p><p>When a transcription system uses <i>both</i> the centralized and the advanced/retracted diacritics, generally the former indicates a more central vowel, so that e.g. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[i̠]</span> indicates an only slightly centralized (retracted) front vowel <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>]</span>, whereas <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ï]</span> indicates a more centralized (retracted) front vowel, or even a fully central vowel <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="Close_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close central unrounded vowel">ɨ</a>]</span>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Centralized_semivowels">Centralized semivowels</h3></div>

<p><a href="Semivowel" title="Semivowel">Semivowels</a> can be centralized much like vowels; for instance, the semivowels corresponding to the close central vowels <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="Close_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close central unrounded vowel">ɨ</a>,<span class="wrap"> </span><a href="Close_central_rounded_vowel" title="Close central rounded vowel">ʉ</a>]</span> can be written as centralized palatal semivowels <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[j̈,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɥ̈]</span>, or centralized velar semivowels <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɰ̈,<span class="wrap"> </span>ẅ]</span>. The transcription <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɥ̈]</span> vs. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ẅ]</span> may also denote a distinction in the <a href="Roundedness" title="Roundedness">type of rounding</a>, with the former symbol denoting a semivowel with compressed rounding typical of front vowels, and the latter symbol denoting a semivowel with protruded rounding typical of central and back vowels, though an additional verbal clarification is usual in such cases, as the IPA does not provide any official means to distinguish sounds with compressed and protruded rounding.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mid-centralized_vowels">Mid-centralized vowels</h3></div>

<table class="infobox" style="width: 16em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background: #f2f2ce;">Mid-centralized</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ffffe6;"><span style="font-size: 5em; line-height: 1.2em; vertical-align: super; font-weight: normal;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">◌̽</span></span></th></tr></tbody></table>

<p><b>Mid-centralized vowels</b> are closer to the midpoint of the vowel space than their referent vowels. That is, they are closer to the mid-central vowel schwa <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ə]</span> not just by means of centralization, but also by <a href="#Raised">raising</a> or <a href="#Lowered">lowering</a>. The diacritic used to mark this in the International Phonetic Alphabet is the over-cross, <span class="nowrap"><span class="monospaced">U+033D</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em"><span style="font-family: serif;">◌̽</span></span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">COMBINING X ABOVE</span>.

</p><p>In most languages, vowels become mid-centralized when spoken quickly, and in some languages, such as English and Russian, many vowels are also mid-centralized when <a href="Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">unstressed</a>. This is a general characteristic of <a href="Vowel_reduction" title="Vowel reduction">vowel reduction</a>.

</p><p>Mid-centralization of vowels can be a speech impediment. An example from Polish is <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">zobaczyłem dziś dwa samochody</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[zɔ̽bɐˈt͡ʂɘwɛ̽m<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈd͡ʑɪʑ<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈdvɐ<span class="wrap"> </span>sɐmɔ̽ˈxɔ̽dɘ]</span> ('I saw two cars today'), instead of the standard <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[zɔbäˈt͡ʂɘwɛm<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈd͡ʑiʑ<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈdvä<span class="wrap"> </span>sämɔˈxɔdɘ]</span>. This can severely affect intelligibility.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWierzchowska1971131_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWierzchowska1971131-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="More_and_less_rounded">More and less rounded</h2></div>

<table class="infobox" style="width: 16em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background: #f2f2ce;">More or less rounded</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ffffe6;"><span style="font-size: 5em; line-height: 1.2em; vertical-align: super; font-weight: normal;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">◌̹<span class="wrap"> </span>◌˒<span class="wrap"> </span>◌͗</span></span></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ffffe6;"><span style="font-size: 5em; line-height: 1.2em; vertical-align: super; font-weight: normal;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">◌̜<span class="wrap"> </span>◌˓<span class="wrap"> </span>◌͑</span></span></th></tr></tbody></table>

<p>There are also diacritics, respectively <span class="nowrap"><span class="monospaced">U+0339</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">̹</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">COMBINING RIGHT HALF RING BELOW</span> and <span class="nowrap"><span class="monospaced">U+031C</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">̜</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">COMBINING LEFT HALF RING BELOW</span>, to indicate greater or lesser degrees of rounding. For example, the English <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ʊ</a>/</span> often has very little rounding, and may be transcribed <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʊ̜]</span>. In <a href="Assamese_language" title="Assamese language">Assamese</a>, on the other hand, the <a href="Open_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open back rounded vowel">open back rounded vowel</a> is much more rounded than is typical for a low vowel, and may be transcribed <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɒ̹]</span>.

</p><p>These diacritics are sometimes also used with consonants to indicate degrees of <a href="Labialization" title="Labialization">labialization</a>. For example, in the <a href="Athabaskan_languages" title="Athabaskan languages">Athabaskan language</a> <a href="Hupa_language" title="Hupa language">Hupa</a>, <a href="Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">voiceless velar fricatives</a> distinguish three degrees of labialization, transcribed either <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[x<span class="wrap"> </span>x̹<span class="wrap"> </span>xʷ]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[x<span class="wrap"> </span>x̜ʷ<span class="wrap"> </span>xʷ]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The <a href="Extensions_to_the_IPA" class="mw-redirect" title="Extensions to the IPA">Extensions to the IPA</a> have two additional symbols for degrees of rounding: spread, as in <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[i͍]</span>, and open-rounded ⟨<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ꟹ</span>⟩ (<sup>œ</sup>), as in English <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃ<sup>œ</sup>]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʒ<sup>œ</sup>]</span>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sound_changes">Sound changes</h2></div>

<p>Many <a href="Sound_change" title="Sound change">sound changes</a> involve changes in place of articulation:

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Raising_(phonology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Raising (phonology)">raising (phonology)</a>

<ul><li><a href="Im%C4%81la" title="Imāla">imāla</a> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span> raising in Arabic)</li>

<li><a href="Iotacism" title="Iotacism">iotacism</a> (vowel raising and partly fronting in Greek)</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Fronting_(phonology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fronting (phonology)">fronting (phonology)</a>

<ul><li><a href="I-mutation" title="I-mutation">i-mutation</a> (vowel fronting or raising, triggered by <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[i]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[j]</span>)</li></ul></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">They include: centralized <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a>]</span> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ä]</span>), centralized <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a>]</span> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɑ̈]</span>), lowered <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="Near-open_central_vowel" title="Near-open central vowel">ɐ</a>]</span> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɐ̞]</span>) and advanced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a>]</span> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɑ̟]</span>), although the last transcription can also indicate an only somewhat advanced back vowel.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See e.g. <a href="#CITEREFCruttenden2014">Cruttenden (2014</a>:133), who transcribes the central realizations of the English <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">

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</style><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">GOOSE</span> vowel <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/uː/</span> with the symbols <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[üː,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɯ̈ː]</span> instead of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʉː,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɨː]</span>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWierzchowska1971131-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWierzchowska1971131_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWierzchowska1971">Wierzchowska (1971)</a>, p. 131.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A simpler transcription is also possible, and involves putting an additional labialization diacritic next to the last symbol: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[x<span class="wrap"> </span>xʷ<span class="wrap"> </span>xʷʷ]</span>.</span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFClarkYallopFletcher2007" class="citation cs2">Clark, John; Yallop, Collin; Fletcher, Janet (2007), <i>Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology</i>, Oxford: Blackwell, pp. <span class="nowrap">22–</span>26, <span class="nowrap">264–</span>266</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFCruttenden2014" class="citation cs2">Cruttenden, Alan (2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M2nMAgAAQBAJ"><i>Gimson's Pronunciation of English</i></a> (8th ed.), Routledge, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781444183092</bdi></cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFWierzchowska1971" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wierzchowska, Bożena (1971), <i>Wymowa polska</i> (in Polish), Warsaw: PZWS</cite></li></ul>

</div>

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</style><div id="Articulation335" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articulation</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="Articulatory_phonetics" title="Articulatory phonetics">Articulatory phonetics</a> – <a href="Co-articulated_consonant" title="Co-articulated consonant">Co-articulation</a> – <a href="International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Place_of_articulation" title="Place of articulation">Place</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">Bilabial</a></li>

<li><a href="Labiodental_consonant" title="Labiodental consonant">Labiodental</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Coronal_consonant" title="Coronal consonant">Coronal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Linguolabial_consonant" title="Linguolabial consonant">Linguolabial</a></li>

<li><a href="Interdental_consonant" title="Interdental consonant">Interdental</a></li>

<li><a href="Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a></li>

<li><a href="Denti-alveolar_consonant" title="Denti-alveolar consonant">Denti-alveolar</a></li>

<li><a href="Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a></li>

<li><a href="Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Postalveolar</a>

<ul><li><a href="Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">Retroflex</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active place</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Apical_consonant" title="Apical consonant">Apical</a></li>

<li><a href="Laminal_consonant" title="Laminal consonant">Laminal</a></li>

<li><a href="Subapical_consonant" title="Subapical consonant">Subapical</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Dorsal_consonant" title="Dorsal consonant">Dorsal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Alveolo-palatal_consonant" title="Alveolo-palatal consonant">Alveolo-palatal</a></li>

<li><a href="Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a></li>

<li><a href="Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a></li>

<li><a href="Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">Uvular</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Laryngeal_consonant" title="Laryngeal consonant">Laryngeal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Pharyngeal_consonant" title="Pharyngeal consonant">Pharyngeal/epiglottal</a></li>

<li><a href="Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Doubly_articulated_consonant" title="Doubly articulated consonant">Double articulation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Labial%E2%80%93coronal_consonant" title="Labial–coronal consonant">Labial–coronal</a>

<ul><li><a href="Labial%E2%80%93alveolar_consonant" title="Labial–alveolar consonant">Labial–alveolar</a></li>

<li><a href="Labial%E2%80%93retroflex_consonant" title="Labial–retroflex consonant">Labial–retroflex</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Labial%E2%80%93palatal_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Labial–palatal consonant">Labial–palatal</a></li>

<li><a href="Labial%E2%80%93velar_consonant" title="Labial–velar consonant">Labial–velar</a></li>

<li><a href="Labial%E2%80%93uvular_consonant" title="Labial–uvular consonant">Labial–uvular</a></li>

<li><a href="Coronal%E2%80%93velar_consonant" title="Coronal–velar consonant">Coronal–velar</a></li>

<li><a href="Uvular%E2%80%93epiglottal_consonant" title="Uvular–epiglottal consonant">Uvular–epiglottal</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Speech_pathology" class="mw-redirect" title="Speech pathology">Pathological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Velopharyngeal_consonant" title="Velopharyngeal consonant">Velopharyngeal</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bidental_consonant" title="Bidental consonant">Bidental</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Manner_of_articulation" title="Manner of articulation">Manner</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Obstruent" title="Obstruent">Obstruent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a></li>

<li><a href="Affricate" title="Affricate">Affricate</a></li>

<li><a href="Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a>

<ul><li><a href="Sibilant" title="Sibilant">Sibilant</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Sonorant" title="Sonorant">Sonorant</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a></li>

<li><a href="Vowel" title="Vowel">Vowel</a></li>

<li><a href="Approximant" title="Approximant">Approximant</a>

<ul><li><a href="Semivowel" title="Semivowel">Semivowel</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Vibrant_consonant" title="Vibrant consonant">Vibrant</a>

<li><a href="Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Liquid_consonant" title="Liquid consonant">Liquid</a>

<ul><li><a href="Rhotic_consonant" title="Rhotic consonant">Rhotic</a></li>

<li><a href="Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Occlusive" title="Occlusive">Occlusive</a></li>

<li><a href="Continuant" title="Continuant">Continuant</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Airstream_mechanism" title="Airstream mechanism">Airstream</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Egressive_sound" title="Egressive sound">Egressive</a></li>

<li><a href="Ingressive_sound" title="Ingressive sound">Ingressive</a></li>

<li><a href="Ejective_consonant" title="Ejective consonant">Ejective</a></li>

<li><a href="Implosive_consonant" title="Implosive consonant">Implosive</a></li>

<li><a href="Click_consonant" title="Click consonant">Click</a>

<ul><li><a href="Pulmonic-contour_clicks" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulmonic-contour clicks">Pulmonic</a></li>

<li><a href="Ejective-contour_clicks" class="mw-redirect" title="Ejective-contour clicks">Ejective</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Percussive_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Percussive consonant">Percussive</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Secondary_articulation" title="Secondary articulation">Secondary <br>articulation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Labialization" title="Labialization">Labialization</a>

<ul><li><a href="Roundedness" title="Roundedness">Rounding</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">Palatalization</a></li>

<li><a href="Labio-palatalization" title="Labio-palatalization">Labio-palatalization</a></li>

<li><a href="Velarization" title="Velarization">Velarization</a></li>

<li><a href="Uvularization" title="Uvularization">Uvularization</a></li>

<li><a href="Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">Pharyngealization</a></li>

<li><a href="Glottalization" title="Glottalization">Glottalization</a></li>

<li><a href="Nasalization" title="Nasalization">Nasalization</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Tongue_shape" title="Tongue shape">Tongue shape</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Sulcalization" title="Sulcalization">Sulcal</a></li>

<li><a href="Domed_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Domed consonant">Domed</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">Voice</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">Voiceless</a>

<ul><li><a href="Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">Aspirated</a></li>

<li><a href="Tenuis_consonant" title="Tenuis consonant">Tenuis</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Voice_onset_time" title="Voice onset time">Voice onset time</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Phonation" title="Phonation">Phonation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Modal_voice" title="Modal voice">Modal</a></li>

<li><a href="Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">Breathy</a></li>

<li><a href="Slack_voice" title="Slack voice">Slack</a></li>

<li><a href="Creaky_voice" title="Creaky voice">Creaky</a></li>

<li><a href="Stiff_voice" title="Stiff voice">Stiff</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="International_Phonetic_Alphabet_(chart)189" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="International_Phonetic_Alphabet_(chart)189" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> <span class="nobold">(<a href="International_Phonetic_Alphabet_chart" title="International Phonetic Alphabet chart">chart</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="IPA_topics189" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">IPA topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">IPA</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="International_Phonetic_Association" title="International Phonetic Association">International Phonetic Association</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="History of the International Phonetic Alphabet">History of the alphabet</a></li>

<li><a href="Extensions_to_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet">Extensions for disordered speech (extIPA)</a></li>

<li><a href="Voice_Quality_Symbols" title="Voice Quality Symbols">Voice Quality Symbols (VoQS)</a></li>

<li><a href="Journal_of_the_International_Phonetic_Association" title="Journal of the International Phonetic Association"><i>Journal of the IPA</i> (<i>JIPA</i>)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Special topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cursive_forms_of_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Cursive forms of the International Phonetic Alphabet">Cursive forms</a></li>

<li><a href="Case_variants_of_IPA_letters" title="Case variants of IPA letters">Case variants</a></li>

<li><a href="Obsolete_and_nonstandard_symbols_in_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Obsolete and nonstandard symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet">Obsolete and nonstandard symbols</a></li>

<li><a href="Naming_conventions_of_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Naming conventions of the International Phonetic Alphabet">Naming conventions</a></li>

<li><a href="Sinological_extensions_to_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinological extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet">Sinological extensions</a></li>

<li><a href="World_Orthography" title="World Orthography">World Orthography</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Phonetic_Alphabet_chart_for_English_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="International Phonetic Alphabet chart for English dialects">IPA chart for English dialects</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Encodings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Comparison_of_ASCII_encodings_of_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Comparison of ASCII encodings of the International Phonetic Alphabet">ASCII encodings</a>

<ul><li><a href="SAMPA" title="SAMPA">SAMPA</a></li>

<li><a href="X-SAMPA" title="X-SAMPA">X-SAMPA</a></li>

<li><a href="Kirshenbaum" title="Kirshenbaum">Kirshenbaum</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Phonetic_symbols_in_Unicode" title="Phonetic symbols in Unicode">Phonetic symbols in Unicode</a></li>

<li><a href="IPA_number" title="IPA number">IPA number</a></li>

<li><a href="IPA_Braille" title="IPA Braille">IPA Braille</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Consonants189" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Consonant" title="Consonant">Consonants</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="Pulmonic_consonant" title="Pulmonic consonant">Pulmonic consonants</a></b>

<td>

<th scope="row" class="IPA-pulmonic-placearrow"><a href="Place_of_articulation" title="Place of articulation">Place</a> →

</th>

<th scope="col" colspan="5"><a href="Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a>

</th>

<th scope="col" colspan="10"><a href="Coronal_consonant" title="Coronal consonant">Coronal</a>

</th>

<th scope="col" colspan="5"><a href="Dorsal_consonant" title="Dorsal consonant">Dorsal</a>

</th>

<th scope="col" colspan="6"><a href="Laryngeal_consonant" title="Laryngeal consonant">Laryngeal</a>

</th></tr>

<th scope="col" class="IPA-pulmonic-mannerarrow"><a href="Manner_of_articulation" title="Manner of articulation">Manner</a> ↓

</th>

<th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">Bilabial</a>

</th>

<th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="Labiodental_consonant" title="Labiodental consonant">Labiodental</a>

</th>

<th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="Linguolabial_consonant" title="Linguolabial consonant">Linguolabial</a>

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<th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a>

</th>

<th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a>

</th>

<th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Postalveolar</a>

</th>

<th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">Retroflex</a>

</th>

<th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a>

</th>

<th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a>

</th>

<th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">Uvular</a>

</th>

<th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="Pharyngeal_consonant" title="Pharyngeal consonant">Pharyngeal/epiglottal</a>

</th>

<th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a>

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<th scope="row"><a href="Nasal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal stop">Nasal</a>

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<th scope="row"><a href="Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a>

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<th scope="row">Lateral tap/flap

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<li><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="IPA_consonant_chart_with_audio" title="IPA consonant chart with audio"></a></span> <a href="IPA_consonant_chart_with_audio" title="IPA consonant chart with audio">audio</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Phonetic_Alphabet_chart" title="International Phonetic Alphabet chart">full chart</a></li>

<li>template</li></ul>

</div>

<p>Symbols to the right in a cell are <a href="Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a>, to the left are <a href="Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a>. <span style="display: inline-block;">Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.</span>

</p>

</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="nowrap"><div style="display: inline-block; margin-right: 2em;"><b>Non-pulmonic consonants</b>

<td>

</th>

</th>

</th>

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<th scope="row" rowspan="5"><a href="Ejective_consonant" title="Ejective consonant">Ejective</a>

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</th>

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<th scope="row"><a href="Affricate" title="Affricate">Affricate</a>

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<th scope="row"><a href="Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a>

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<th scope="row"><a href="Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a> affricate

</th>

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<th scope="row">Lateral fricative

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<th scope="row" rowspan="6"><a href="Click_consonant" title="Click consonant">Click</a><br>(top: velar;<br>bottom: uvular)

</th>

<th scope="row"><a href="Tenuis_consonant" title="Tenuis consonant">Tenuis</a>

</th>

</td>

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<th scope="row"><a href="Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">Voiced</a>

</th>

</td>

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<th scope="row"><a href="Nasal_click" title="Nasal click">Nasal</a>

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<th scope="row">Tenuis <a href="Lateral_click" title="Lateral click">lateral</a>

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<th scope="row">Voiced lateral

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<th scope="row">Nasal lateral

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<th scope="row" rowspan="2"><a href="Implosive_consonant" title="Implosive consonant">Implosive</a>

</th>

<th scope="row">Voiced

</th>

</td>

<td>

</td>

</td>

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<th scope="row"><a href="Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">Voiceless</a>

</th>

</td>

<td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

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<li><a href="International_Phonetic_Alphabet_chart" title="International Phonetic Alphabet chart">full chart</a></li>

<li>template</li></ul>

</div>

</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div style="display: inline-block;"><b><a href="Co-articulated_consonant" title="Co-articulated consonant">Co-articulated consonants</a></b>

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<div>

<div class="IPA-coarticulated-sect"><a href="Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a></div>

<div>

<div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="Labial%E2%80%93coronal_consonant" title="Labial–coronal consonant">Labial–alveolar</a></div>

</div>

<div>

<div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="Labial%E2%80%93retroflex_consonant" title="Labial–retroflex consonant">Labial–retroflex</a></div>

</div>

<div>

<div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="Labial%E2%80%93velar_consonant" title="Labial–velar consonant">Labial–velar</a></div>

</div>

<div class="IPA-coarticulated-sect"><a href="Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a></div>

<div>

<div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc">Labial–alveolar</div>

</div>

<div>

<div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc">Labial–retroflex</div>

</div>

<div>

<div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc">Labial–velar</div>

</div>

<div>

<div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="Uvular%E2%80%93epiglottal_consonant" title="Uvular–epiglottal consonant">Uvular–epiglottal</a></div>

<div>

<div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="Labial%E2%80%93uvular_consonant" title="Labial–uvular consonant">Labial–uvular</a></div>

</div>

<div>

<div class="IPA-coarticulated-sect"><a href="Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a>/<a href="Approximant" title="Approximant">approximant</a></div>

<div>

<div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="Labio-palatalization" title="Labio-palatalization">Labialized palatal</a></div>

</div>

<div>

<div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc">Labialized velar</div>

</div>

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<div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="Sj-sound" title="Sj-sound"><i>Sj</i>-sound</a> (variable)</div>

</div>

<div class="IPA-coarticulated-sect"><a href="Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a> approximant</div>

<div>

<div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="Velarization" title="Velarization">Velarized</a> alveolar</div>

</div>

<div class="IPA-coarticulated-sect"><a href="Implosive_consonant" title="Implosive consonant">Implosive</a></div>

<div>

<div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc">Labial–velar</div>

<div class="IPA-coarticulated-sect"><a href="Ejective_consonant" title="Ejective consonant">Ejective</a></div>

<div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc">Labial–alveolar</div>

</div>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<li><a href="International_Phonetic_Alphabet_chart" title="International Phonetic Alphabet chart">full chart</a></li>

<li>template</li></ul>

</div>

</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Nasal_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Nasal labial–velar approximant">Nasal labial–velar approximant</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[w̃]</span></li>

<li><a href="Nasal_palatal_approximant" title="Nasal palatal approximant">Nasal palatal approximant</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[j̃]</span></li>

<li><a href="Voiceless_bidental_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless bidental fricative">Voiceless bidental fricative</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[h̪͆]</span></li>

<li><a href="Voiceless_bilabially_post-trilled_dental_stop" title="Voiceless bilabially post-trilled dental stop">Voiceless bilabially post-trilled dental stop</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t̪ʙ̥]</span></li>

<li><a href="Voiceless_nasal_glottal_approximant" title="Voiceless nasal glottal approximant">Voiceless nasal glottal approximant</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[h̃]</span></li>

<li><a href="Voiceless_upper-pharyngeal_plosive" title="Voiceless upper-pharyngeal plosive">Voiceless upper-pharyngeal plosive</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʡ̟]</span></li>

<li><a href="Voiced_upper-pharyngeal_plosive" title="Voiced upper-pharyngeal plosive">Voiced upper-pharyngeal plosive</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʡ̟̬]</span></li>

<li><a href="Bilabial_percussive" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilabial percussive">Bilabial percussive</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʬ]</span></li>

<li><a href="Bidental_percussive" class="mw-redirect" title="Bidental percussive">Bidental percussive</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʭ]</span></li>

<li><a href="Sublaminal_lower-alveolar_percussive" class="mw-redirect" title="Sublaminal lower-alveolar percussive">Sublaminal lower-alveolar percussive</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[¡]</span></li></ul>

<td>

<th>

</th>

<th scope="col"><a href="Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a>

</th>

<th scope="col"><a href="Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a>

</th>

</th></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row"><a href="Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a>

</th>

</td>

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</td></tr>

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<th scope="row" class="IPA-vowels-minorcaption"><a href="Near-close_vowel" title="Near-close vowel">Near-close</a>

</th>

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<th scope="row"><a href="Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">Close-mid</a>

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<li><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="IPA_vowel_chart_with_audio" title="IPA vowel chart with audio"></a></span> <a href="IPA_vowel_chart_with_audio" title="IPA vowel chart with audio">audio</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Phonetic_Alphabet_chart" title="International Phonetic Alphabet chart">full chart</a></li>

<li>template</li></ul>

</div>

<p>Legend: <a href="Roundedness" title="Roundedness">unrounded <span style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);">•</span> rounded</a>

</p>

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This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-11" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Relative_articulation&oldid=1300036558">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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